Thursday, March 19, 2020

Writing About The Cost Of Surveillance Intervention For TB In India ((

Writing About The Cost Of Surveillance Intervention For TB In India (( Writing About The Cost Of Surveillance Intervention For TB In India (( See The Instructions To Fully – Coursework Example Cost of Surveillance Intervention for TB in India ​How Mr. Zuckerberg and His Advisory Panel Can Utilize the $25m Budget The materials used in the surveillance will include sampling devices that identify super spreaders who spit out live TB bacteria. The devices will cost $3M. The materials used for surveillance will include the sampling devices and ordinary surveillance systems, such as case reporting in hospitals. Second, training and educating the stakeholders about the subject matter is a prerequisite to addressing the problem of tuberculosis effectively. In this budget component, each person will be allocate $3,000 that will cater for accommodation, stipend, travel cost, training materials, and food. The protection of healthcare providers is also important; therefore, the cost of ear loop facemasks and those installed with satellite tracking will be a requirement. Simple disposable facemasks costs $5-10 for a pack of 50, however, the facemask with a satellite system and c ough samplers is not available commercially, as it is being used in ongoing studies; therefore, the cost per mask is unknown (Voice of America, 2014). Reporting of cases on the field will be through mailing services, telephone, and the Internet. This budget component for communication will cost $10,000 to cover any overloads that may occur. In addition, writing materials will cost $3 each and over 500 units will be required.The main screening technique used is the sputum-smear, which should be offered as a health drive. Consequently, a conventional TB test normally costs around $60 per person. In addition, using first line drugs in chemotherapy will be required. For requirement, the budget will cater for the cost of treating TB, which averages $30,000 (MDR TB) and $10, 845 for normal TB per person (Rajbhandary, Marks, & Bock, 2004, p. 1012). The cost includes the price of drugs, monitoring and hospitalization cost. ReferenceRajbhandary, S. S., Marks, S. M., & Bock, N. N. (2004). Cos ts of patients hospitalized for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 8(8), 1012-6.Voice of America. (2014). New tools to fight tuberculosis, but drug resistance looms. Retrieved: from http://allafrica.com/view/resource/main/main/id/00081101.html

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Prompts That Support Instruction and Independence

Prompts That Support Instruction and Independence Independence, completing a task or exhibiting a behavior without prompts or cues, is the gold standard of special education. The kind of support we give students to help them succeed in special education is called prompting. The level of support falls on a continuum, with the most invasive and furthest from independence, to the least invasive, or the closest to independence. The prompts at the least invasive end is also the easiest to fade, or slowly withdraw, until the child is accomplishing the task independently. The most severely cognitively, multiply or developmentally disabled students may need very high levels of what is called â€Å"hand over hand† support. Still, kids with specific learning disabilities who may have attention deficit disorder with some reading and math difficulties may need prompting to stay on task and complete tasks. They are just as prone to become â€Å"prompt dependent,† which may leave them incapable of achieving the gold standard: independence. Because of â€Å"prompt dependence† it’s important that a special educator understands how to work across the continuum, from hand over hand, the most invasive, to gestural prompts, the least invasive. As the teacher moves across the continuum, the teacher is â€Å"fading† prompts toward independence. We review the continuum here: Hand over Hand This is the most invasive of the prompts, and is often only required for the most physically disabled students. The teacher or coach may actually place his or her hand over the students hand. It isn’t necessarily just for the most physically disabled student: it works well with young students on the autism spectrum, older autistic students with unfamiliar tasks like sweeping, and even younger students with immature and undeveloped fine motor skills. Hand over hand can be faded by lightening your touch to a simple touch on the back of a hand or arm to guide the student though the task. Physical Prompts Hand over hand is a physical prompt, but physical prompts can include tapping the back of a hand, holding an elbow, or even pointing. Physical prompts may be accompanied by verbal prompts. As the verbal prompts stay in place, the teacher fades the physical prompt. Verbal Prompts These are most familiar. We tell the student what to do: sometimes step by step, sometimes with more detail. Of course, if we talk all the time, our prompts get ignored. You can also design verbal prompts to fade from most complete to least complete. Example: â€Å"Bradley, pick up the pencil. Bradley, put the point on the paper. Circle the correct answer. Good job, Bradley: Now, let’s do number 2. Find the correct answer, etc. . . .† Faded to: â€Å"Bradley, you have your pencil, your paper and we have done these before. Please circle each answer and put your pencil down when you are done.† Gestural These prompts should begin with a verbal prompt: they are easy to fade and are the least invasive. Be sure you don’t become so used to your verbal prompts that all you’re doing is running your mouth. Shorten those prompts and trust the gesture, whether it’s pointing, tapping or even winking. Be sure the student knows what you are requesting with the prompt. Gestural prompts are especially successful with kids with developmental or behavioral problems. Alex, who is featured in the article on making your own social narrative, sometimes forgot and would drool. I taught my wife, his teacher, to touch her chin with her forefinger to remind him: Soon all she had to do was move her hand a certain way, and he remembered. Visual Prompts These prompts can be paired with other prompts initially, and as they are faded, the simple visual prompt can remain.   Typical (children without disabilities in general education programs) also benefit from visual prompts.   Teachers have noted that children will reference the place on the wall where a graphic organizer for a specific skill used to be, noting that the mere act of remembering where the visual prompt was on the wall helps them remember the CONTENT of the prompt! Independence: The goal. The continuum: Hand over Hand Physical- Verbal- Gestural- Independence.